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Since 1996, 20 October has been World Osteoporosis Day, a day dedicated to raising awareness and the global fight against osteoporosis.

But what exactly is osteoporosis?

According to the WHO, osteoporosis is defined as a systemic disease of the entire skeleton with a reduction in bone density and a change in the architecture of the bone, resulting in a reduction in bone strength and an increase in the risk of fractures.

The bone is in a constant process of transformation, whereby a balance between bone formation and bone resorption is necessary for healthy bones. Until the age of 30, bone formation predominates.

Gradually, this balance shifts in favour of bone resorption. From the age of 40, the bone loses around 1% of its density each year; the bone becomes increasingly porous and can break more easily.

In Switzerland, osteoporosis affects around 20% of women and 7% of men from the second half of life onwards. Fractures (broken bones) as a result of osteopenia (a precursor of osteoporosis) or osteoporosis occur in every 2nd woman and every 5th man after the age of 50!

What are the causes?

The following factors can lead to a decrease in the mass and microarchitecture of the bone:

• Increasing age
• Oestrogen deficiency during the menopause
• Testosterone deficiency in men
• Family history / predisposition
• Vitamin D and calcium deficiency
• Lack of exercise
• Nicotine and alcohol consumption
• Underweight
• Medication such as cortisone, anti-epileptic drugs etc.

What symptoms occur?

In the early phase of the disease, hardly any symptoms are noticed. Osteoporosis can therefore remain undetected for a long time. The following symptoms may only occur as the disease progresses:

• Acute back pain
• Increasing hunchback
• Decrease in height > 3-4cm

How can osteoporosis be diagnosed?

Firstly, the risk factors are determined during a consultation, followed by a clinical examination. If osteoporosis is suspected, a densitometry (bone density measurement) is arranged. If necessary, the examination can be supplemented with X-ray images if there are indications of bone fractures.

How is osteoporosis treated?

As there is currently no cure for osteoporosis, the aim of treatment is to slow down or stop the progression of the disease and prevent bone fractures. Bisphosphonates, drugs that inhibit bone resorption, are usually used for drug treatment.

What can be done to prevent it?

The following measures are recommended to prevent osteoporosis:

• A healthy diet with sufficient protein
• Adequate vitamin D and calcium intake
• Avoidance of excessive alcohol and nicotine consumption
• Regular endurance exercise 3-4x/week